1. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
1.1 What is Chemistry?
1.1.1 Definition
1.1.2 Branches of chemistry (organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, biochemistry)
1.1.3 Historical milestones in chemistry discovery
1.2 Importance of Chemistry in Daily Life
1.2.1 Food, medicine, energy, environment, materials
1.2.2 Role in technology and innovation
1.3 Chemistry and Safety
1.3.1 Laboratory safety rules
1.3.2 Common safety symbols and their meanings
2. STATES OF MATTER
2.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
2.1.1 Properties
2.1.2 Particle arrangement
2.1.3 Compressibility
2.1.4 Diffusion in different states of matter
2.2 Changes in States of Matter
2.2.1 Melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, sublimation, deposition
2.2.2 Effect of pressure and temperature on states (gas laws intro)
2.3 Other States of Matter
2.3.1 Plasma (intro)
2.3.2 Bose–Einstein Condensate (intro)
3. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, AND MIXTURES
3.1 Definitions and Examples
3.1.1 Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
3.2 Differences Between Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
3.2.1 Physical vs. chemical properties
3.3 Separation Techniques
3.3.1 Filtration
3.3.2 Distillation
3.3.3 Evaporation
3.3.4 Crystallization
3.3.5 Chromatography
3.3.6 Magnetic separation
3.3.7 Decantation
3.3.8 Centrifugation
3.4 Applications of Separation Methods in Industry
4. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
4.1 Introduction to Atoms
4.1.1 Dalton’s atomic theory (limitations & modern view)
4.2 Subatomic Particles
4.2.1 Proton, neutron, electron – relative mass & charge
4.2.2 Nucleus and electron cloud
4.3 Simple Atomic Models
4.3.1 Thomson’s model
4.3.2 Rutherford’s model
4.3.3 Bohr’s model (basic)
4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number
4.4.1 Isotopes and their real-life uses (medicine, archaeology, energy)
5. THE PERIODIC TABLE
5.1 Introduction & History
5.1.1 Mendeleev and modern periodic table
5.2 Groups and Periods
5.2.1 Trends in properties (atomic size, metallic character, reactivity – intro level)
5.3 Common Elements and Their Symbols
5.3.1 First 20 elements
5.3.2 Transition metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Ag, Au)
5.4 Special Element Families
5.4.1 Alkali metals
5.4.2 Alkaline earth metals
5.4.3 Halogens
5.4.4 Noble gases
6. ACIDS, BASES, SALTS, AND INDICATORS
6.1 Properties of Acids and Bases
6.1.1 Taste, feel, conductivity
6.1.2 pH scale
6.2 Natural and Synthetic Indicators
6.2.1 Litmus
6.2.2 Phenolphthalein
6.2.3 Methyl orange
6.2.4 Red cabbage extract
6.3 Neutralization Reactions
6.3.1 Everyday examples (medicine for acidity, soil treatment)
6.4 Acid Rain – Causes and Effects
6.4.1 Environmental impact
7. MATTER AND ITS CLASSIFICATION
7.1 Pure Substances and Mixtures
7.1.1 Homogeneous mixtures
7.1.2 Heterogeneous mixtures
7.2 Colloids
7.2.1 Types: sols, gels, emulsions, aerosols
7.2.2 Tyndall effect
8. ATOMIC STRUCTURE (ADVANCED)
8.1 Electronic Configuration
8.1.1 First 20 elements
8.1.2 Orbital concept (basic s & p orbitals)
8.2 Mass Number & Isotopic Abundance Calculations
8.3 Isotopes in Medicine & Industry
9. CHEMICAL BONDING
9.1 Ionic Bonds
9.1.1 Properties of ionic compounds
9.2 Covalent Bonds
9.2.1 Single, double, triple bonds
9.2.2 Properties of covalent compounds
9.3 Metallic Bonding (Intro)
9.3.1 Explanation of conductivity and malleability
9.4 Polar vs. Non-polar Molecules
10. CHEMICAL REACTIONS
10.1 Types of Chemical Reactions
10.1.1 Combination
10.1.2 Decomposition
10.1.3 Displacement
10.1.4 Double displacement
10.2 Balancing Equations
10.2.1 Step-by-step method
10.3 Law of Conservation of Mass
10.4 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
10.4.1 Temperature
10.4.2 Concentration
10.4.3 Catalysts
10.4.4 Surface area
10.5 Catalysts in Industry and Nature
10.5.1 Enzymes
11. THERMOCHEMICAL & REDOX REACTIONS
11.1 Thermochemical Reactions
11.1.1 Exothermic vs. endothermic
11.1.2 Energy diagrams (intro)
11.2 Redox Reactions
11.2.1 Oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agents, reducing agents
11.2.2 Simple redox in daily life (rusting, bleaching, photosynthesis)
12. THE MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY
12.1 Mole Calculations
12.1.1 Mass → moles → particles conversions
12.2 Molar Mass & Avogadro’s Number
12.3 Relative Atomic & Molecular Mass
12.4 Empirical and Molecular Formula Calculations
12.5 Limiting Reagent Problems
12.6 Percentage Yield (basic level)
13. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
13.1 Air & Water Pollution
13.1.1 Major pollutants and sources
13.2 Greenhouse Gases & Global Warming
13.2.1 Carbon cycle (intro)
13.3 Acid Rain
13.3.1 Prevention and control
13.4 Waste Management
13.4.1 Recycling
13.4.2 Biodegradable vs. non-biodegradable materials